This perspective may provide new insights for improving the safety of high- energy lithium and lithium-ion batteries, accelerating the research and development of new battery materials chemistry. In these cases a Shunt is recommended if you want to be able to view the battery state and trigger other actions based on the state. The safety modelling that may facilitate the development of new materials chemistry is discussed at last. It reminds us that not only should the manufacturing problem be solved before all-solid-state batteries are commercialized, but also the safety problems may be the bottleneck that is waiting there for obstructing the massive production. On the safety of solid-state batteries, the perspective discusses five major concerns that are critical but unsolved, including 1) the thermal instability of components used in solid-state batteries, 2) the interfacial reactions at the cathode/anode and solid electrolyte interfaces, 3) chemical crosstalk between cathode and anode, 4) lithium dendrite formation and internal short circuit, 5) the environmental hazards related to the evolved gases and molten lithium. One of the most significant factors is cell imbalance which varies each cell voltage in the battery pack overtime and hence decreases battery capacity rapidly. As validated by experimental data from commercial lithium-ion batteries, the diagram helps predict the combustion behavior of lithium and lithium-ion batteries with new materials chemistries. Li-ion batteries are influenced by numerous features such as over-voltage, undervoltage, overcharge and discharge current, thermal runaway, and cell voltage imbalance. The dual problem is further quantified by a diagram with the lowest flammable limit and maximum temperature during battery thermal failure as the two axes. A reaction zone model is firstly proposed to depict the dual problem of battery fire and thermal runaway. Therefore, the major content discusses the safety of lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolyte, and on the safety of solid-state batteries. The most mentioned research area is the electrolyte that directly links to the battery fire hazard. In lead-acid batteries, the battery voltage drops significantly as you use them. One of the most basic functions of a battery monitor is to display the remaining charge of your battery system. Among the three kinds of safety technologies, the intrinsic safety occupies approximately 80% of the total papers, inferring that searching for safety solutions in materials chemistry is the mainstream. On the other hand, your battery monitor collects information and displays it so that you can know optimize the performance of your entire battery system. Statistical results indicate that there are three major kinds of safety researches, named the intrinsic safety, the active safety, and the passive safety. Herein, this perspective provides current opinions of authors’ group on dealing with the hottest battery safety issues. Safety problems hinder the utilization of high-energy lithium and lithium-ion batteries, although some electrochemical materials chemistries look promising.
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